According to two renowned communication scholars, Wimmer and Dominick () concepts are important because they facilitate communication among those who have a shared understanding of them. Researchers use concepts to organize their observations into meaningful summaries and to transmit this information to the academic blogger.comted Reading Time: 13 mins · Communication Research Paper on Business Communication Business Communication Introduction/Thesis statement Industrial growth is an enhanced process, which retails around clear and effective communication blogger.comted Reading Time: 12 mins PDF | On Oct 1, , Anita L. Vangelisti published On the Importance of Communication Research | Find, read and cite all the research you need on ResearchGateEstimated Reading Time: 6 mins
(PDF) NOTES ON COMMUNICATION RESEARCH(1) | Ganeswar Prusty - blogger.com
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Need an account? Click here to sign up. Download Free PDF. Ganeswar Prusty. Download PDF Download Full PDF Package This paper. A short summary of this paper. Download PDF. Download Full PDF Package. Translate PDF. According to a renowned scholar, Kerlinger,a concept is a term that expresses an abstraction abstract idea formed by communication research paper from particulars. According to this expert, a concept is formed by summarizing related observations.
The social and medical sciences are full of concepts. For example, a social science researcher might observe that a public speaker becomes restless, communication research paper, starts to perspire and continually fidgets with a biro just before delivering a speech or lecture. The researcher might summarize these observed patterns of behaviour and label them speech anxiety.
Similarly, a medical practitioner may observe a young woman having early morning sickness, changes in anatomy and having no menstrual communication research paper. He can summarize the observed symptoms as pregnancy. Also, the transmission of information through radio waves from a radio or television station, to an audience in far and near places through their receivers communication research paper a concept known as broadcasting.
According to two renowned communication scholars, Wimmer and Dominick concepts communication research paper important because they facilitate communication among those who have a shared understanding of them.
Researchers use concepts to organize their observations into meaningful summaries and to transmit this information to the academic community. In addition, since concepts are abstracted from observations, they enable researchers to look for general explanations or patterns in observations. Concepts abound in mass communication. They include media usage, communication research paper, media imperialism, cultural imperialism, agenda setting, selective attention, retention perception, media effects, monopolization, status conferral, etc.
However, it has the added meaning of having been deliberately and consciously invented or adopted for a specific scientific purpose.
Accordingly, constructs have been described as higher concepts, communication research paper. According to Wimmer and Dommickcommunication research paper, a construct is a combination of concepts created for a particular scientific purpose. Constructs are generally difficult to observe directly; their communication research paper therefore must be inferred from related behaviour patterns. For example, in mass communication research, the term authoritarianism represents a construct specifically created to describe a certain type of personality; it comprises nine different concepts, including conventionalism, submission, superstition, and cynicism.
The results of such tests indicate what authoritarianism might be and whether it is present under given conditions, but they do not provide communication research paper definitions for the concept, communication research paper. Negritude, the study of black philosophy made popular by Lepold Senghor is a construct formed from the concepts of Negro black beauty, emancipation, communication research paper.
Similarly edutainment is a construct comprising two concepts — education and entertainment. Please remember, construct are higher concepts. Those are the key words in the definition of a construct.
The bedrock of research is to answer as many questions as possible. To begin a research without research questions or hypotheses is like starting a journey without a defined place to begin the journey. Research utilizes a variety of approaches to help answer questions. While some researchers seek to solve relatively simple problems, some are based on theory and they require formally worded questions.
Similarly, research generally starts with some tentative generalizations regarding a relationship between two or more variables. Researchers abbreviate research questions as RQ. According to Ajalacommunication research paper, research questions are generally used in situations where a researcher is unsure about the nature of the problem under investigation.
Therefore, research questions have the widest application and can best be employed in dealing with problems of a non experimental nature.
When research questions are posed, the intent is merely to gather preliminary data from which testable hypotheses are often developed. This educated guess concerning the outcome of a research is called hypothesis. A hypothesis, therefore, can be defined as a set of assumptions, a speculation, which is tentatively accepted as the basis for an investigation. The hypothesis is worded so that it can be tested in your research work. That is why it has been stated that hypotheses are measurable, testable statements about the relationship s between variables.
Put in another way, a hypothesis states a predicted relationship between two or more variables or concepts. Hypothesis can further be described as statements concerning two or more variables to find out their relationship. Hypotheses could be a fact or body of facts which a researcher wants to find out their relationship. It can also been seen as communication research paper not proved but assumed to be true for the purpose of argument or further studies.
According to Kerlinger hypotheses are always in declarative sentence form, and they relate generally or specifically, variables to variables. He further adds that there are two criteria for good hypotheses; one, hypotheses are statements about the relations between variables; two, hypotheses carry clear implications for testing the stated relations.
Hypotheses are meant to be tested statistically and accepted or rejected on the basis of the findings communication research paper evolve from the research study. Every research study that you read should provide a RQ, H or both. Wimmer and Dominick then explain that the information collected from this type of study could provide data to create testable hypotheses suggested below: The amount of time a child spends in make-believe play is directly related to communication research paper amount of time spent viewing make-believe play on television, communication research paper.
uncoordinated investigation of a topic. they focus research to precise testable statements, other variables relevant or not communication research paper excluded. makes operationalisation of concepts easier and words incapable of quantification are excluded. These are: 1 Compatible with current knowledge in the area 2 Should follow logical consistency 3 Should be in parsimonious simple form 4 Should be testable.
For instance, if reading regularly the The Guardian and Tell implies a knowledge of current events and a knowledge of current communication research paper is tantamount to greater participation in political, economic and social activities, then, readers of The Guardian and Tell magazine should exhibit greater participation in political, economic and social activities.
That hypotheses must be in their parsimonious form is obvious. Research is a complex exercise, so the concept of the simpler the better should run through every research undertaking.
Therefore, it is better to state hypotheses in simple form and contribute to making the research process simpler than to write hypotheses in complicated form. Developing untestable hypotheses is unproductive and such adds nothing to knowledge. These are: 1 Descriptive hypotheses communication research paper Comparative hypotheses 3 Relational hypotheses 3. The goal of research is to obtain appropriate data, interprete same and point out implications.
The instrument or tool chosen should be adequate in providing the needed data. These are: Classification communication research paper practice Classification by measurement Classification by data gathering method Classification by discipline, communication research paper. These are: Academic research Applied research. Academic Research This is the dominant research conducted mostly by the academia i.
scholars in university faculties and other tertiary institutions. This type of research generally has a theoretical approach. In other words, it is conducted for academic purpose rather than for its intrinsic values for the society as a whole. For instance, the research study you will communication research paper at the end of your studies here at the National Open University of India NOUN is academic research. The implication of this classification is that this type of research is theoretical with little or no practical value or application.
This assumption, however, is not entirely true of all research studies in this category because even if they are not of immediate practical value or application, sooner or later, someone might find something of value in them.
Applied Research As an antithesis to academic research, applied research is one which is deemed to have practical use or application. Many of the research studies funded by public and private enterprises fall within this category. It is distinguished from academic research since its outcome can be put to practical use when its laws are communication research paper and exemplified in dealing with concrete phenomena.
Most organizations e. multinational corporations, advertising agencies, communication research paper, public relations consultancy, etc require applied or practical research outcomes which they can apply immediately in their work.
In this regard, researchers talk about quantitative and qualitative research. It requires that variables under consideration be measured or quantified. It is concerned with how often a variable is present and generally uses figures to communicate this amount. Data analysis in quantitative research is mainly statistical or deductive process. Quantitative research techniques or methods include experimentation, survey and content analysis.
It involves the collection of extensive narrative data in order to gain insights into the phenomena of interest. Data analysis involves the coding communication research paper data and production of a verbal synthesis or inductive process. In other words, it does not depend on the measurement of variables or research elements. According to Wimmer communication research paper Dominickqualitative analysis relies mainly on the analysis of visual data observations and verbal data words that reflect everyday experience.
Osuala adds that qualitative research is concerned with processes rather than consequences, with organic wholeness rather than independent variables and with meanings rather than behavioural statistics.
[COMM 254] 2. What is Communication? What is Theory?
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· Communication Research (CR), peer-reviewed and published bi-monthly, has provided researchers and practitioners with the most up-to-date, comprehensive and important research on communication and its related fields PDF | On Oct 1, , Anita L. Vangelisti published On the Importance of Communication Research | Find, read and cite all the research you need on ResearchGateEstimated Reading Time: 6 mins According to two renowned communication scholars, Wimmer and Dominick () concepts are important because they facilitate communication among those who have a shared understanding of them. Researchers use concepts to organize their observations into meaningful summaries and to transmit this information to the academic blogger.comted Reading Time: 13 mins
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